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A near-death experience (NDE) is a personal experience associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light.〔Sleutjes, A. ; Moreira-Almeida, Alexander ; Greyson, B. . (''Almost 40 Years Investigating Near-Death Experiences. An Overview of Mainstream Scientific Journals'' ). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, v. 202, p. 833-836, 2014. (Indexed in PubMed ).〕〔Roberts, Glenn; Owen, John. (1988). ''The Near-Death Experience''. British Journal of Psychiatry 153: 607-617.〕〔Britton, Willoughby B. and Richard R. Bootzin. (2004). ''Near-Death Experiences and the Temporal Lobe''. Psychological Science. Vol. 15, No. 4. pp. 254-258.〕 Explanatory models for the NDE can be divided into several broad categories, including psychological, physiological, and transcendental explanations.〔〔Linda J. Griffith. "(Near-Death Experiences and Psychotherapy )" (2009).〕〔Mauro, James. Bright lights, big mystery. Psychology Today, July 1992〕〔Vanhaudenhuyse, A; Thonnard, M; Laureys, S. "(Towards a Neuro-scientific Explanation of Near-death Experiences? )" (2009).〕 Research from neuroscience considers the NDE to be a hallucinatory state caused by various physiological and psychological factors.〔Olaf Blanke, Sebastian Dieguez. "(Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience )" (2009).〕 ==Characteristics== The equivalent French term ''expérience de mort imminente'' (experience of imminent death) was proposed by the French psychologist and epistemologist Victor Egger as a result of discussions in the 1890s among philosophers and psychologists concerning climbers' stories of the panoramic life review during falls.〔Egger, Victor (1896). « Le moi des mourants », ''Revue Philosophique'', XLI : 26-38.〕 In 1968 Celia Green published an analysis of 400 first-hand accounts of out-of-body experiences.〔Green, C., ''Out-of-the-body Experiences'', London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968.〕 This represented the first attempt to provide a taxonomy of such experiences, viewed simply as anomalous perceptual experiences, or hallucinations. These experiences were popularized by the work of psychiatrist Raymond Moody in 1975 as the near-death experience (NDE). Researchers have identified the common elements that define near-death experiences.〔Mauro, James. "Bright lights, big mystery", ''Psychology Today'', July 1992.〕 Bruce Greyson argues that the general features of the experience include impressions of being outside one's physical body, visions of deceased relatives and religious figures, and transcendence of egotic and spatiotemporal boundaries.〔Greyson, Bruce (2003) "Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population". Psychiatric Services, December, Vol. 54 No. 12. The American Psychiatric Association〕 Many common elements have been reported, although the person's interpretation of these events often corresponds with the cultural, philosophical, or religious beliefs of the person experiencing it. Another common element in near-death experiences is encountering people, which are generally identified according to the person's individual faith; for instance, in the USA, where 46% of the population believes in guardian angels, they will often be identified as angels or deceased loved ones (or will be unidentified), while Hindus will often identify them as messengers of the god of death.〔〔Kennard, Mary J. "A Visit from an Angel." The American Journal of Nursing 98.3 (1998): 48-51〕 Although the features of NDEs vary from one case to the next, common traits that have been reported by NDErs are as follows: * A sense/awareness of being dead.〔〔van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) "Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands," ''The Lancet'', December 15; 358 (9298):2039-45. Table 2.〕 * A sense of peace, well-being and painlessness. Positive emotions. A sense of removal from the world.〔〔〔(IANDS ) Near-Death Experiences: Is this what happens when we die? Durham: International Association for Near-Death Studies.〕 * An out-of-body experience. A perception of one's body from an outside position. Sometimes observing doctors and nurses performing medical resuscitation efforts.〔〔〔〔Morse M., Conner D. and Tyler D. (1985) "Near-Death Experiences in a pediatric population. A preliminary report", American Journal of Disease of Children, n. 139 PubMed abstract PMID 4003364〕 * A "tunnel experience" or entering a darkness. A sense of moving up, or through, a passageway or staircase.〔〔〔 * A rapid movement toward and/or sudden immersion in a powerful light (or "Being of Light") which communicates with the person.〔〔 * An intense feeling of unconditional love and acceptance.〔 * Encountering "Beings of Light", "Beings dressed in white", or similar. Also, the possibility of being reunited with deceased loved ones.〔〔〔 * Receiving a life review, commonly referred to as "seeing one's life flash before one's eyes".〔〔〔 * Receiving knowledge about one's life and the nature of the universe.〔 * Approaching a border,〔 or a decision by oneself or others to return to one's body, often accompanied by a reluctance to return.〔〔〔 * Suddenly finding oneself back inside one's body.〔name= "Moody, Raymond 1977"〕 * Connection to the cultural beliefs held by the individual, which seem to dictate some of the phenomena experienced in the NDE and particularly the later interpretation thereof. Kenneth Ring (1980) subdivided the NDE on a five-stage continuum. The subdivisions were:〔Ring, K. (1980). Life at death: A scientific investigation of the near-death experience. New York: Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan., p. 40〕 # Peace # Body separation # Entering darkness # Seeing the light # Entering the light He stated that 60% experienced stage 1 (feelings of peace and contentment), but only 10% experienced stage 5 ("entering the light").〔Kenneth Ring, quoted in (Ketamine - Near Death and Near Birth Experiences Dr Karl Jansen )〕 Clinical circumstances associated with near-death experiences include cardiac arrest in myocardial infarction (clinical death); shock in postpartum loss of blood or in perioperative complications; septic or anaphylactic shock; electrocution; coma resulting from traumatic brain damage; intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction; attempted suicide; near-drowning or asphyxia; apnea; and serious depression.〔van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) "Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands" in The Lancet, December 15; 358(9298):2039-45. Page 2039〕 In contrast to common belief, Kenneth Ring argues that attempted suicides do not lead more often to unpleasant NDEs than unintended near-death situations.〔Ring, Kenneth. ''Heading toward Omega. In search of the Meaning of Near-Death Experience'', 1984, p. 45. "Subsequent research on suicide-related NDEs by Stephen Franklin and myself () and by Bruce Greyson has also confirmed my earlier tentative findings the NDEs following suicide attempts, however induced, conform to the classic prototype."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Near-death experience」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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